A watch is a precision instrument used to tell time, and the principle of the instrument is to use a vibrating system with a constant period and continuous vibration as a standard. If the time it takes for the vibrating system to complete one full vibration of the watch (the period of vibration) is known, and the number of vibrations is calculated, then the time elapsed after so many vibrations is equal to the period of vibration times the number of vibrations, i.e., time = period of vibration x number of vibrations.
A balance-spring mechanical watch uses a balance-spring as the vibration system. The balance wheel 1 is fixed to the balance shaft 2, and the upper and lower journals of the balance shaft are set in bearings around which they can rotate. One end of the balance spring part 3 is fixed on the balance shaft and the other end is fixed on the cleat. Due to the elastic deformation of the hairspring, the motion of the balance wheel changes from rotation to reciprocation. The amplitude of oscillation (amplitude) will be gradually decayed until it stops moving by the friction of the bearing, air resistance and internal friction of the balance spring. In order to make it continue to vibrate without decay, it is necessary to periodically replenish energy to the balance-spring system, that is, there must be an energy device in the watch. The periodic replenishment of energy to the oscillating system is carried out by a special mechanism, the escapement. The escapement is also used to count the number of vibrations of the balance-spring system. Therefore, the balance-spring system and the escapement are the key devices of a mechanical watch.
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Watches,